CLAUDE.md vs Copilot instructions
Every comparison page on the web is a capability table someone wrote from the vendor docs in an afternoon. None of them can tell you how many real repositories ship each file, how long the median one runs, or how often two of them turn up in the same project. Those answers need a corpus, and RuleStack counts one every night.
| Format | CLAUDE.md 2026-08-02 | Copilot instructions 2026-08-01 |
|---|---|---|
| Asserted — what the docs say it can express | ||
| File | CLAUDE.md | .github/copilot-instructions.md |
| Status | vendor | vendor |
| Cross-tool | No | No |
| Tools that read it |
|
|
| Frontmatter | No | Yes |
| Glob targeting | No | Yes |
| Imports other files | Yes | No |
| Nested / per-directory | Yes | No |
| Multiple files | Yes | Yes |
| User-level scope | Yes | No |
| When it applies | Always in scope. Project file, plus nested files in subdirectories, plus a user-level file (~/.claude/CLAUDE.md) that applies across every project. | copilot-instructions.md is always in scope. Additional .github/instructions/*.instructions.md files load when their applyTo glob matches the open file. |
| Size limits | None | None |
| Measured — counted from real repositories on 2026-08-03 | ||
| Repositories carrying it | 248 | 126 |
| Share of indexed repos | 35.7% | 18.1% |
| Files indexed | 775 | 309 |
| Median length (words) | 2,042 | 417 |
| 90th percentile length | 2,998 | 1,329 |
| Files naming commands | 34.1% | 41.8% |
| Files containing code | 34.5% | 48.2% |
| Median quality score | 44 | 60 |
| Median repository stars | 112 | 18,124 |
How often they turn up together
A capability table cannot answer this at all. Of the repositories carrying the first format, this is the share that also carry the second — counted, both directions, on 2026-08-03.
CLAUDE.md + Copilot instructions
2026-08-0347
repositories carry both. That is 19.0% of everything with CLAUDE.md, and 37.3% of everything with Copilot instructions.
What each one is for
CLAUDE.md
2026-08-02Claude Code's memory file. Shaped like AGENTS.md but with two things it lacks: @path imports, so shared rules live in one place, and a user-scope layer that follows the developer across repos rather than shipping with the code.
Strengths
- @path imports — shared conventions written once and pulled into each file
- A user-scope file lets personal preferences live outside the team repo
- Nested project files compose with the root file rather than replacing it
Weaknesses
- Single-vendor: no other agent reads it, so multi-tool teams maintain two files
- No glob targeting, same context cost as AGENTS.md — path-scoped rules exist, but in a separate .claude/rules/ file, not in CLAUDE.md itself
Copilot instructions
2026-08-01Two layers: one always-on repo file, plus optional glob-scoped instruction files. Lives under .github/ rather than the repo root, which is the tell that it is aimed at the GitHub platform surface as much as the editor.
Strengths
- Reaches Copilot across the editor, github.com and the coding agent from one file
- applyTo globs give per-path targeting without leaving the .github convention
Weaknesses
- Copilot-only
- No imports; shared text is copied between instruction files
- Buried under .github/, so contributors discover it less often than a root file
